cease to be the kind of city where people can be ill-treated and oppressed and can lose their lives for reasons that are nothing to do with them. It’s because they have failed to be that kind of community that they have experienced the chastisement from Yahweh Armies that the first paragraph describes. Isaiah 1 is a collection of Isaiah’s messages from different contexts, brought together to introduce his ministry as a whole. The trouble that the first main paragraph describes didn’t come at the